Member Bewaji
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Vertically transmitted diseases in poultry are those passed directly from the parent bird (hen) to the offspring (chick) through the egg. This is a critical route of transmission for commercial poultry production, as the disease can be passed through entire breeding lines.
The most common and economically significant vertically transmitted diseases in poultry are:
Viral Diseases
- Avian Leukosis (ALV) / Lymphoid Leukosis: Caused by the Avian Leukosis Virus, particularly subtypes like ALV-J. It is responsible for tumors in internal organs and often has a long incubation period.
- Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE): A viral disease that can be transmitted through the egg. It primarily affects chicks, causing nervous signs like tremors (trembling) and muscular incoordination.
- Marek’s Disease (MD): While primarily spread horizontally through dander and dust, the virus can also be considered a vertical concern as the parent stock’s health and vaccination status directly impact the chicks’ protection.
- Fowl Adenoviruses (FAdVs): Associated with diseases like Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) and Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion. Vertical transmission of the virus can establish a latent infection in the chick.
Bacterial and Mycoplasmal Diseases
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Salmonella species:
- **Pullorum Disease (caused by Salmonella Pullorum): A severe systemic disease in chicks that can be transmitted through the egg, where the bacteria lodge in the ovary of the hen.
- Fowl Typhoid (caused by Salmonella Gallinarum): Similar to Pullorum disease, it is transmitted vertically and causes a severe systemic infection in older birds and chicks.
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Mycoplasma:
- Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG): Causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in chickens and Infectious Sinusitis in turkeys.
- Mycoplasma synoviae (MS): Causes Infectious Synovitis, which affects the joints, and can also lead to respiratory disease.
Control and eradication programs for these diseases often focus on rigorous testing of breeder flocks, proper hygiene and sanitation in the hatchery, and strategic vaccination programs to prevent vertical transmission to the next generation.Vertically transmitted diseases in poultry are those passed directly from the parent bird (hen) to the offspring (chick) through the egg. This is a critical route of transmission for commercial poultry production, as the disease can be passed through entire breeding lines.
The most common and economically significant vertically transmitted diseases in poultry are:
Viral Diseases
Avian Leukosis (ALV) / Lymphoid Leukosis: Caused by the Avian Leukosis Virus, particularly subtypes like ALV-J. It is responsible for tumors in internal organs and often has a long incubation period.
Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE): A viral disease that can be transmitted through the egg. It primarily affects chicks, causing nervous signs like tremors (trembling) and muscular incoordination.
Marek’s Disease (MD): While primarily spread horizontally through dander and dust, the virus can also be considered a vertical concern as the parent stock’s health and vaccination status directly impact the chicks’ protection.
Fowl Adenoviruses (FAdVs): Associated with diseases like Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) and Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion. Vertical transmission of the virus can establish a latent infection in the chick.
Bacterial and Mycoplasmal Diseases
Salmonella species:
**Pullorum Disease (caused by Salmonella Pullorum): A severe systemic disease in chicks that can be transmitted through the egg, where the bacteria lodge in the ovary of the hen.
Fowl Typhoid (caused by Salmonella Gallinarum): Similar to Pullorum disease, it is transmitted vertically and causes a severe systemic infection in older birds and chicks.
Mycoplasma:
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG): Causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in chickens and Infectious Sinusitis in turkeys.
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS): Causes Infectious Synovitis, which affects the joints, and can also lead to respiratory disease.
Control and eradication programs for these diseases often focus on rigorous testing of breeder flocks, proper hygiene and sanitation in the hatchery, and strategic vaccination programs to prevent vertical transmission to the next generation.
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The two most prominent transboundary diseases in poultry are:
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), also known as Bird Flu.
- Newcastle Disease (ND).
Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible diseases that have the potential for very rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, causing serious socio-economic and sometimes public health consequences. Both Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease fit this description for poultry.The two most prominent transboundary diseases in poultry are:
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), also known as Bird Flu.
Newcastle Disease (ND).
Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible diseases that have the potential for very rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, causing serious socio-economic and sometimes public health consequences. Both Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease fit this description for poultry. -
Very effective
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feed mill’s main sections include receiving and storage, where raw materials are brought in and stored; ingredient processing, which involves grinding and screening ingredients to the correct particle size; batching and mixing, where ingredients are weighed and combined according to a formula; and finished product handling, where the mixed feed is pelletized, cooled, screened, and bagged. These sections work together in a process flow to create a uniform and nutritious animal feed.
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Good information
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Good information
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Yes
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Vertically transmitted poultry diseases include bacterial diseases like Pullorum disease (caused by Salmonella pullorum) and Fowl Typhoid (Salmonella gallinarum), Mycoplasma infections like Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and several viral diseases, such as Avian Leukosis Virus (ALV), Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV), and Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE). These diseases are passed from breeder hens to their offspring through the egg.
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Yes, vertical transmission of disease can often be inhibited by a combination of strategies, including medical treatment, specific delivery methods, and infant care after birth. These measures can include the mother taking medication during pregnancy and labor, the infant receiving medication immediately after birth, and avoiding breastfeeding in some cases, depending on the specific disease and treatment plan.
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Emerging diseases in poultry include viral diseases like avian influenza (HPAI H5N1), astroviruses causing fatal gout in goslings, and chicken circovirus, as well as bacterial diseases such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Other emerging or re-emerging threats are bacterial infections like avian mycoplasmosis and necrotic enteritis, and viral diseases like fowlpox and avian metapneumovirus.
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Transboundary diseases in poultry include highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease (ND). Other transboundary animal diseases (TADs) that affect poultry or are important to monitor in relation to poultry health include Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and Bluetongue (BT), although these primarily affect other livestock. These diseases are significant because they can spread rapidly across borders, causing severe economic damage and having potential public health consequences.
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Key factors for economically viable aquaculture include biological traits (fast growth, disease resistance, efficient feed conversion), environmental compatibility (climate, water quality like temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen), marketability (consumer demand, price, and market competition), and resource management (available space, capital, technology, and skilled labor). A species must grow quickly under local conditions, be resilient, and have a market that will pay a profitable price.
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AI enhances biosecurity by improving biosurveillance, early detection of threats, and the development of medical countermeasures like vaccines and treatments. It can analyze vast datasets to forecast outbreaks, identify high-risk pathogens and mutations, and accelerate drug discovery. However, AI also presents risks, such as potentially widening the capability for harmful actors to create novel biological agents, requiring careful management and governance.
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,antagonism or negative interactions can occur when using certain “immunity boosters” together, primarily due to competition for absorption in the gut or potential interactions with medications. Examples include a high dose of one mineral reducing the absorption of another, such as iron and zinc or calcium and magnesium. It’s crucial to be aware of potential conflicts and consult a healthcare provider before combining supplements.
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Feed analysis of the same type of feed can have different results due to <mark>inherent variability in the raw material, inconsistent sampling procedures, and different laboratory preparation or analysis methods</mark>. Factors like growing conditions, harvest maturity, and storage all affect the feed’s quality, and if samples are not representative of the entire batch, the results will differ. Additionally, how the sample is prepared before analysis, like grinding and mixing, can impact the final nutrient levels.Feed analysis of the same type of feed can have different results due to inherent variability in the raw material, inconsistent sampling procedures, and different laboratory preparation or analysis methods. Factors like growing conditions, harvest maturity, and storage all affect the feed’s quality, and if samples are not representative of the entire batch, the results will differ. Additionally, how the sample is prepared before analysis, like grinding and mixing, can impact the final nutrient levels.
