[Bello Bashir]

Thank you Dr Jeffrey

[Jeffrey]

There are many alternatives to corn and soy products in poultry diets including wheat, barley, sorghum, triticale, and other cereals, canola meal, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, peas, peanut meal, wheat germ meal, flaxseed meal, dried distillers grains with solubles from corn sorghum and other sources, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, safflower meal, camelina meal, copra meal, sunflower meal, meat and bone meal, fish meal, blood meal, plasma protein, feather meal, poultry byproduct meal, dried brewer’s yeast, dried torula yeast, and many more ingredients. Their use depends on inventory, availability, cost, nutritional profile, and availability of enzymes to supplement their use in some cases. There are a few challenges when it comes to use alternative ingredients in poultry feeds. The most important is likely to know the nutritional composition of the ingredient including amino acid profile, amino acid digestibility coefficients, and metabolizable energy. The second most common issue will be the consistency of the quality of the ingredient as well as the consistency of its nutrient content. As nutritionists handling ingredient variation is usually not a big problem because we can reformulate diets. The real problem is not knowing the degree of the variation and assuming that we have a constant ingredient quality with constant nutrient content. Some ingredient nutrient tables now include the average of a nutrient with its standard deviation and the number of samples used to obtain the average. We can use this information to determine how variable the nutrient content of an ingredient. However, we can only be certain of the nutrient composition of an ingredient when it is analyzed using wet-chemistry or near-infrared spectroscopy. Content and variation of the content of anti-nutritional factors in many alternative ingredients is also hard challenge to overcome. The third issue with alternative ingredients is to find adequate availability or supply of an alternative ingredient that would make worth the investment in time to reformulate diet(s) to include the new ingredient. Lastly, most alternative ingredients have antinutritional factors that often limit their inclusion level is poultry diets. A good nutritionist will be familiar with maximum recommended levels for each alternative ingredient for laying hens.

[Md Ahidul]

Thanks

[Jeffrey]

This is a great question. The first and most important point to remember is that antibiotics are NOT effective against viruses. Therefore, the use of antibiotic as prophylactic or treatment agents against viral disease needs to stop. Second, to prevent viral diseases the best course of action is to establish a proper vaccination protocol with the farm veterinarian as well as to establish and enforce proper biosecurity measurements.

[Jeffrey]

In addition to previous suggestions, verify proper crop fill to ensure birds are consuming both feed and water, make sure that the feed formulation is adequate in all nutrients (particularly available phosphorus), ingredients are of high quality and free of contaminants (e.g., mycotoxins), and the diet is properly balanced for nutrient content according to the expected feed intake of the birds.

[Md Ahidul]

Thanks

[Jeffrey]

Currently, there is no treatment for highly pathogenic avian influenza for poultry. Prevention of the disease via vaccination and biosecurity is the only option we have. When the disease is detected, all the birds in the affected farm should be promptly euthanatized and dispose according to the guidance of local animal health authorities and assuring that infected birds are NOT going to enter the human food supply.

[Jeffrey]

The lesion score system of Johnson and Reid (1970) has become the gold standard around the world. The scoring system assigns values between 0 and 4 for E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. mivati, and E. brunetti. The description of each lesion score can be found in the attached publication.

Cocci-lesion-scores-Johnson-Reid-1970.pdf 2 MB PDF - Click to view

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[Muhammad Ahmad]

Thanks

[Muhammad Ahmad]

Good

[Folorunso Ajayi]

Feed plant Maintenance is an essential part of the feed plant which helps in the optimization, effectiveness and efficiency of all the machines that are used in the production of the feed. it minizises downtime and serve as preventive measure for the wearing out of the machines.

[Dr. Mahmoud]

Agree.

[India]

Floorspace requirement:

0 to 15 days : 0.5 sq ft/bird

> 15 days : 0.7 to 1.2 sq ft/bird

– Dr Malathi

[AHMED]

thanks very much for the knowledge shared

[Jeffrey]

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are antiviral medications approved for use in humans with known viral diseases, including avian influenza. These and other antiviral medications are currently NOT approved for use in poultry.