[Dr. Pardhu]

well-articulated information

[MUHAMMAD]

Nice write up

[Md. Osman Sheikh]

Higher costs for producers but also offering opportunities for premium pricing and increased consumer demand.

[Imran Elladan]

Avian Influenza (AI)

Cause

Avian Influenza is caused by an Orthomyxovirus; there are several

serotypes.

Currently we know there are 16 H- types and 9 N-types and they can

show up in all kinds of combinations. For poultry the most important

ones are H5, H7 and H9. Pathogenicity varies with the strains HPAI and

LPAI (high or low pathogenic AI).

Transmission

AI virus is excreted from nares, mouth, conjunctiva and cloaca.

Airborne virus particles from the respiratory tract, droppings, and

people carrying virus on their clothing and equipment are the main

routes of transmission. Migratory water fowl and other wild birds

infected with AI virus may be a source of infection.

Species affected

Avian Influenza viruses have been shown to naturally infect a wide

variety of wild and domestic birds. In poultry production main problems

are in chickens, turkeys and ducks.

Clinical signs

Clinical signs will vary, depending on the pathogenicity (HPAI and LPAI)

of AI virus involved and other factors as host species, sex, concurrent

infections, acquired immunity and environmental factors.

LPAI shows generally mild symptoms: respiratory coughing sneezing,

wet eyes, nasal discharge depression, lethargy limited reduction of feed

intake and limited drop in egg production; low mortality rate.

HPAI shows fast onset with increased mortality even before clinical

signs are seen, depression, drop in feed and water intake, severe drop

in egg production and mortality can vary between 50-90%.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs are indicative for AI; final confirmation by laboratory testing:

– Direct detection of AI proteins or Nucleic acids(RNA) using PCR.

– Virus isolation from infected organs, tracheal or cloacal swabs.

– Serology from blood samples after infection and for routine

monitoring showing specific AI antibodies.

Treatment

There is no treatment for Avian Influenza. Antibiotics will help to

control secondary bacterial infections.

Prevention and control

In many countries AI is a notifiable disease with specific local

regulations on its control.

In AI free areas the disease(LPAI and HPAI) is controlled by monitoring

and stamping out.

In case of LPAI infected areas countries can decide to allow vaccination

only for LPAI.

In case of endemic HPAI and/or LPAI vaccination might be allowed.

Vaccination is generally done with inactivated AI vaccines based on the

strain H-type causing the outbreaks.Avian Influenza (AI)
Cause
Avian Influenza is caused by an Orthomyxovirus; there are several
serotypes.
Currently we know there are 16 H- types and 9 N-types and they can
show up in all kinds of combinations. For poultry the most important
ones are H5, H7 and H9. Pathogenicity varies with the strains HPAI and
LPAI (high or low pathogenic AI).
Transmission
AI virus is excreted from nares, mouth, conjunctiva and cloaca.
Airborne virus particles from the respiratory tract, droppings, and
people carrying virus on their clothing and equipment are the main
routes of transmission. Migratory water fowl and other wild birds
infected with AI virus may be a source of infection.
Species affected
Avian Influenza viruses have been shown to naturally infect a wide
variety of wild and domestic birds. In poultry production main problems
are in chickens, turkeys and ducks.
Clinical signs
Clinical signs will vary, depending on the pathogenicity (HPAI and LPAI)
of AI virus involved and other factors as host species, sex, concurrent
infections, acquired immunity and environmental factors.
LPAI shows generally mild symptoms: respiratory coughing sneezing,
wet eyes, nasal discharge depression, lethargy limited reduction of feed
intake and limited drop in egg production; low mortality rate.
HPAI shows fast onset with increased mortality even before clinical
signs are seen, depression, drop in feed and water intake, severe drop
in egg production and mortality can vary between 50-90%.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs are indicative for AI; final confirmation by laboratory testing:
– Direct detection of AI proteins or Nucleic acids(RNA) using PCR.
– Virus isolation from infected organs, tracheal or cloacal swabs.
– Serology from blood samples after infection and for routine
monitoring showing specific AI antibodies.
Treatment
There is no treatment for Avian Influenza. Antibiotics will help to
control secondary bacterial infections.
Prevention and control
In many countries AI is a notifiable disease with specific local
regulations on its control.
In AI free areas the disease(LPAI and HPAI) is controlled by monitoring
and stamping out.
In case of LPAI infected areas countries can decide to allow vaccination
only for LPAI.
In case of endemic HPAI and/or LPAI vaccination might be allowed.
Vaccination is generally done with inactivated AI vaccines based on the
strain H-type causing the outbreaks.

[Bello Bashir]

Transitioning to organic or free-range poultry production can have both positive and negative economic implications, including higher initial costs, potential for premium pricing, and increased labor demands, but also benefits like reduced healthcare costs and diversification opportunities.

[Bewaji]

Great question 🙋‍♀️

[Mohamed]

Good

[Amir]

Transitioning to organic or free-range poultry production systems typically leads to higher production costs due to increased land requirements, lower stocking densities, and specialized feed needs, but can also result in higher market prices for the premium product, potentially leading to increased profit margins for producers who can successfully tap into the growing consumer demand for ethically raised poultry.

[Muhammad Zeeshan Asghar]

@everyone Please