[D KANNATHASAN,]

Live-attenuated vaccines use a weakened form of the germ. Inactivated vaccines use a killed version of the germ.

[Md Abdul Bari]

The primary differences between oil-based and water-based vaccines lie in their formulation, mode of action, and usage. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Formulation

Oil-Based Vaccines:

Contain the antigen suspended in an oil emulsion (e.g., mineral oil or vegetable oil).

The oil acts as an adjuvant, enhancing the immune response and prolonging antigen release.

Water-Based Vaccines:

Contain the antigen suspended in an aqueous solution.

May or may not include adjuvants, but water-based adjuvants are typically less potent than oil-based ones.

—

2. Immune Response

Oil-Based Vaccines:

Provide a slower release of antigens, leading to a more prolonged immune response.

Typically elicit stronger, long-lasting immunity due to the sustained stimulation of the immune system.

Commonly used in vaccines for diseases requiring prolonged immunity.

Water-Based Vaccines:

Often elicit a quicker immune response but of shorter duration compared to oil-based vaccines.

Suitable for situations where a rapid response is needed, but long-term immunity is less critical.

[Victor Mgbada]

Nice question

[Chukwuemeka Christian Akoma]

In poultry, vaccines can be broadly classified into two categories based on their formulation: oil-based (also known as oil-adjuvanted) and water-based (also known as aqueous or live vaccines). Here are the main differences between them:

Oil-Based Vaccines

1. *Adjuvant*: Contain oil-based adjuvants, such as mineral oil or paraffin oil, which enhance the immune response.

2. *Immune response*: Induce a stronger, longer-lasting immune response, often with a single dose.

3. *Antibody production*: Stimulate higher antibody titers, providing better protection against diseases.

4. *Duration of immunity*: Offer longer-lasting immunity, often up to 6-12 months.

5. *Route of administration*: Typically administered via injection (subcutaneous or intramuscular).

6. *Examples*: Newcastle disease vaccine, Infectious bronchitis vaccine.

Water-Based Vaccines

1. *Adjuvant*: Do not contain oil-based adjuvants, relying on the antigen itself to stimulate an immune response.

2. *Immune response*: Induce a milder, shorter-lasting immune response, often requiring booster doses.

3. *Antibody production*: Stimulate lower antibody titers compared to oil-based vaccines.

4. *Duration of immunity*: Offer shorter-lasting immunity, often requiring booster doses every 2-3 months.

5. *Route of administration*: Can be administered via various routes, including drinking water, spray, or injection.

6. *Examples*: Live attenuated vaccines, such as Infectious bursal disease vaccine.

Key Considerations

1. *Disease severity*: Oil-based vaccines are often preferred for diseases that require strong, long-lasting immunity, such as Newcastle disease.

2. *Flock health status*: Water-based vaccines might be more suitable for healthy flocks with low disease pressure.

3. *Vaccination program*: The choice between oil-based and water-based vaccines depends on the overall vaccination program, including the timing and frequency of vaccinations.

4. *Local regulations*: Check with local veterinary authorities for specific regulations and recommendations on vaccine usage.

It’s essential to consult with a veterinarian to determine the most suitable vaccine type and program for your specific poultry operation.In poultry, vaccines can be broadly classified into two categories based on their formulation: oil-based (also known as oil-adjuvanted) and water-based (also known as aqueous or live vaccines). Here are the main differences between them:

Oil-Based Vaccines
1. *Adjuvant*: Contain oil-based adjuvants, such as mineral oil or paraffin oil, which enhance the immune response.
2. *Immune response*: Induce a stronger, longer-lasting immune response, often with a single dose.
3. *Antibody production*: Stimulate higher antibody titers, providing better protection against diseases.
4. *Duration of immunity*: Offer longer-lasting immunity, often up to 6-12 months.
5. *Route of administration*: Typically administered via injection (subcutaneous or intramuscular).
6. *Examples*: Newcastle disease vaccine, Infectious bronchitis vaccine.

Water-Based Vaccines
1. *Adjuvant*: Do not contain oil-based adjuvants, relying on the antigen itself to stimulate an immune response.
2. *Immune response*: Induce a milder, shorter-lasting immune response, often requiring booster doses.
3. *Antibody production*: Stimulate lower antibody titers compared to oil-based vaccines.
4. *Duration of immunity*: Offer shorter-lasting immunity, often requiring booster doses every 2-3 months.
5. *Route of administration*: Can be administered via various routes, including drinking water, spray, or injection.
6. *Examples*: Live attenuated vaccines, such as Infectious bursal disease vaccine.

Key Considerations
1. *Disease severity*: Oil-based vaccines are often preferred for diseases that require strong, long-lasting immunity, such as Newcastle disease.
2. *Flock health status*: Water-based vaccines might be more suitable for healthy flocks with low disease pressure.
3. *Vaccination program*: The choice between oil-based and water-based vaccines depends on the overall vaccination program, including the timing and frequency of vaccinations.
4. *Local regulations*: Check with local veterinary authorities for specific regulations and recommendations on vaccine usage.

It’s essential to consult with a veterinarian to determine the most suitable vaccine type and program for your specific poultry operation.

Thanks

[Amir]

Side effects,

Storage,

Effectiveness,

Emulsion type,

Injection,

Delivery system.