Member Ayatullahi
MemberForum Replies Created
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How often do you clean drinker lines, and what do you use?
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Keep chickens cool by providing clean water, good ventilation, and proper shade during hot weather. Feed in cooler hours and add electrolytes or vitamin C to water to reduce heat stress.
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How can small farms stay sustainable with limited resources?
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Keep litter dry, clean, and 2–3 inches deep, remove wet spots daily, and ensure good ventilation to prevent ammonia buildup and disease.
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Deep-litter housing for broilers and battery cage or colony systems for layers.
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Energy use in feed milling is reduced by optimizing equipment, using efficient motors, adopting variable speed drives, and improving pellet mill design.
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Good
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Good
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Feed formulation and analysis are crucial for maximizing animal health and productivity, minimizing costs, and ensuring environmental sustainability in livestock farming. Proper formulation ensures animals receive the optimal balance of nutrients for growth and reproduction, while analysis verifies the nutritional quality of feed ingredients, preventing deficiencies and economic losses. This leads to efficient feed conversion, better animal performance, and more profitable and sustainable operations.
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Pullets should, where possible, have access to friable litter of good quality, such as straw, wood shavings, sand or peat from the time, when they are introduced to the rearing house. Pullets should have access to litter during rearing in order to increase foraging behaviour and to reduce feather pecking.
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The main types of sheet metal dies include simple, compound, progressive, combination, and transfer dies, which are classified by the number of operations and stations they use per stroke. Simple dies perform a single operation, while compound dies perform multiple operations at a single station. Progressive dies perform multiple operations over different stations sequentially as the material moves through them. Combination dies combine cutting and forming operations at one stage, and transfer dies move the workpiece from station to station in a single press.
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Great
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To prevent damage due to moisture, maize must be dried so that the moisture content will be at a safe level for storage. This goes to all agricultural commodities, and maize’s safe moisture content level is at about 13% to 14%.
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Good
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The world poultry industry constantly faces challenges from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. These diseases can cause significant economic losses, and some also pose a risk to human health (zoonoses).
The most prominent and concerning emerging and re-emerging poultry diseases include:
Viral Diseases
* Avian Influenza (AI):
* **Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI): Strains, particularly subtypes like H5N1, H5N8, and H7N9, are a major global concern. They cause severe disease with high mortality, lead to immediate trade restrictions, and have zoonotic potential (can infect humans).
* Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI): Especially the H9N2 subtype, which is widespread and can cause milder symptoms but significantly impacts production, often complicating secondary bacterial infections.
* Newcastle Disease (ND):
* The emergence/re-emergence of highly virulent (velogenic) strains continues to be a persistent threat globally, particularly in areas with lower biosecurity.
* Infectious Bronchitis (IB):
* New variant strains (genotypes) of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), like the QX genotype, continually emerge due to genetic mutation, often evading protection provided by existing vaccines.
* Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD or Gumboro Disease):
* The circulation of very virulent (vvIBDV) and novel variant IBDV (nvIBDV) strains can cause severe immunosuppression, making birds more susceptible to other infections.
* Marek’s Disease (MD):
* Though a well-known disease with a vaccine, the emergence of highly virulent strains (vvMDV) in vaccinated flocks necessitates constant vaccine updates and remains a threat.
* Avian Reoviruses (ARV):
* Increased incidence of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis due to the emergence of new genotypes and serotypes.
* Newly Identified Viruses:
* Viruses like Astroviruses causing fatal gout in goslings, Chicken Circovirus, and diverse Avian Gyroviruses are being newly identified in poultry populations.
Bacterial Diseases
* Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR):
* The emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacterial strains (“superbugs”), often fueled by the use of antibiotics in poultry, is a massive global concern for both poultry health and public health.
* Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis:
* While not always emerging in the birds themselves, the continuous high prevalence of zoonotic strains like Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry and poultry products makes them a major food safety and public health concern globally.
* Colibacillosis (E. coli Infection):
* Infections caused by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (particularly Avian Pathogenic E. coli – APEC) often occur as a secondary complication to viral respiratory diseases, contributing significantly to economic losses.
* Necrotic Enteritis (NE):
* Caused by Clostridium perfringens, this disease has seen a resurgence in many regions following the reduction or removal of antimicrobial growth promoters in feed.
* Mycoplasmosis:
* Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae continue to be re-emerging respiratory pathogens worldwide.
These issues are often exacerbated by factors such as:
* Intensified global poultry production.
* Rapid pathogen mutation and recombination.
* Increased global trade and movement of birds/products.
* Climate change affecting wild bird migration patterns.
* Gaps in farm biosecurity and surveillance.The world poultry industry constantly faces challenges from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. These diseases can cause significant economic losses, and some also pose a risk to human health (zoonoses).
The most prominent and concerning emerging and re-emerging poultry diseases include:
Viral Diseases
* Avian Influenza (AI):
* **Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI): Strains, particularly subtypes like H5N1, H5N8, and H7N9, are a major global concern. They cause severe disease with high mortality, lead to immediate trade restrictions, and have zoonotic potential (can infect humans).
* Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI): Especially the H9N2 subtype, which is widespread and can cause milder symptoms but significantly impacts production, often complicating secondary bacterial infections.
* Newcastle Disease (ND):
* The emergence/re-emergence of highly virulent (velogenic) strains continues to be a persistent threat globally, particularly in areas with lower biosecurity.
* Infectious Bronchitis (IB):
* New variant strains (genotypes) of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), like the QX genotype, continually emerge due to genetic mutation, often evading protection provided by existing vaccines.
* Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD or Gumboro Disease):
* The circulation of very virulent (vvIBDV) and novel variant IBDV (nvIBDV) strains can cause severe immunosuppression, making birds more susceptible to other infections.
* Marek’s Disease (MD):
* Though a well-known disease with a vaccine, the emergence of highly virulent strains (vvMDV) in vaccinated flocks necessitates constant vaccine updates and remains a threat.
* Avian Reoviruses (ARV):
* Increased incidence of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis due to the emergence of new genotypes and serotypes.
* Newly Identified Viruses:
* Viruses like Astroviruses causing fatal gout in goslings, Chicken Circovirus, and diverse Avian Gyroviruses are being newly identified in poultry populations.
Bacterial Diseases
* Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR):
* The emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacterial strains (“superbugs”), often fueled by the use of antibiotics in poultry, is a massive global concern for both poultry health and public health.
* Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis:
* While not always emerging in the birds themselves, the continuous high prevalence of zoonotic strains like Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry and poultry products makes them a major food safety and public health concern globally.
* Colibacillosis (E. coli Infection):
* Infections caused by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (particularly Avian Pathogenic E. coli – APEC) often occur as a secondary complication to viral respiratory diseases, contributing significantly to economic losses.
* Necrotic Enteritis (NE):
* Caused by Clostridium perfringens, this disease has seen a resurgence in many regions following the reduction or removal of antimicrobial growth promoters in feed.
* Mycoplasmosis:
* Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae continue to be re-emerging respiratory pathogens worldwide.
These issues are often exacerbated by factors such as:
* Intensified global poultry production.
* Rapid pathogen mutation and recombination.
* Increased global trade and movement of birds/products.
* Climate change affecting wild bird migration patterns.
* Gaps in farm biosecurity and surveillance.
