[Deborah Oluwabunmi Olasehinde]

But gene counts

[Deborah Oluwabunmi Olasehinde]

Great knowledge from bashir

[Deborah Oluwabunmi Olasehinde]

Good

[Deborah Oluwabunmi Olasehinde]

Definitely, possible

[Deborah Oluwabunmi Olasehinde]

Great answers

Thank you

[Hamza]

Can we highlight the factors to be considered to enhance the sustainability in agricultural practice?

[AFOLABI SUNDAY TUNDE]

Quality assurance begins at the point of receiving feed ingredients, the analysis of its moisture content, microbial content, sizes of (if grains, checking percentage of broken materials).

Also checking at each stage.of production process, by analysing samples to ensure standards, till final production before packaging.

[Hamza]

Soybean meal is a major protein source in poultry diets and one of the best quality ingredients due to its relatively high protein content, good amino acid profile and high bio-availability. However, the nutritional value of soybean meal and the cost of feed manufacturing are greatly affected by particle size.

[Hamza]

GREAT

[Hamza]

Amino Acids for Poultry: Growing poultry require similar amino acid balances as other growing animals, but they require arginine in their diets because they do not have a urea cycle and therefore cannot synthesize it on their own. A deficiency of arginine often results in feather deformation in chickens

[Hamza]

Mycoplasmosis (CRD, Air sac, Sinusitis)

Organisms in the genus Mycoplasma are a significant cause of respiratory disease in poultry. Of the numerous species of Mycoplasma that have been isolated from domestic poultry, three are of known significance. Mycoplasma gallisepticum is associated with chronic respiratory disease (CRD)/air sac syndrome in chickens and turkeys and infectious sinusitis of turkeys; Mycoplasma meleagridis is associated with airsacculitis in turkeys; and Mycoplasma synoviae is the cause of infectious synovitis in chickens and turkeys.

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD), air sac syndrome and infectious sinusitis of turkeys have a common cause. CRD was first recognized as a chronic but mild respiratory disease of adult chickens. It reduced egg production but caused little or no mortality. Afterward, a condition known as “air sac disease” became a problem in young birds. It caused high mortality in some flocks. Many birds became stunted, feed efficiency was reduced, and many fowl were rejected as unfit for human consumption when processed.

Infectious sinusitis in turkeys produces a sinus swelling under the eye as well as an inflammation of respiratory organs. It is a chronic disease adversely affecting growth and feed conversion. It may also cause significant mortality in young poults.

A peculiar bacterial-like organism known as Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is common to all three conditions. CRD and sinusitis in turkeys are caused by a pure MG infections while the air sac syndrome is caused by an infection of MG in combination with E. coli. These conditions are triggered by acute respiratory infections such as Newcastle disease or infectious bronchitis.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum is widespread and affects many species of birds. Eradication programs have reduced the incidence in recent years. It is primarily spread through the egg. Infected hens transmit organisms and the chick or poult is infected when it hatches. Organisms may also be transmitted by direct contact with infected or carrier birds.

The true CRD produces slight respiratory symptoms such as coughing, sneezing and a nasal discharge. In the air sac syndrome there is an extensive involvement of the entire respiratory system. The air sacs are often cloudy and contain large amounts of exudate. Affected birds become droopy, feed consumption decreases and there is a rapid loss of body weight.

Infectious sinusitis in turkeys occurs in two forms. When the “upper” form is present, there is only a swelling of the sinus under the eye. In the “lower” form, the lungs and air sacs are involved. The air sacs become cloudy and may contain large amounts of exudate. Both forms of the disease are usually present in the flock and frequently are present in the same bird.

Diagnosis of either condition must be based on flock history, symptoms and lesions. Blood tests are useful in determining whether a flock is infected.

The answer to the MG problem in both chickens and turkeys is eradication of the disease organisms. This goal has been achieved in commercial breeding flocks with voluntary programs conducted by the National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) and National Turkey Improvement Plan (NTIP). The treatment of CRD, air sac syndrome and the lower form of infectious sinusitis is not considered satisfactory. Many antibiotics have been used with varying success. Whether to give treatment is a decision that must be made on each flock based on economic factors. If treatment is attempted, give high levels of one of the broad spectrum antibiotics (Tylosin, aureomycin, terramycin, gallimycin) either in feed, drinking water or by injections. The “upper”; form of infectious sinusitis can be treated with success by injecting antibiotics into the swollen sinus cavity.

[Hamza]

Quality assurance is prerequisite in feedmill manufacturing processes.

Can we dive into the necessary information needed to verify at the beginning, middle and end of the processes?

[Deborah Oluwabunmi Olasehinde]

There are reputable farms/hatcheries

You can as well check for their history

[Deborah Oluwabunmi Olasehinde]

Thank you Savior for this great insight

[Deborah Oluwabunmi Olasehinde]

I think the question is not so clear then