[Bello Bashir]

Good images for clearity

[Nurudeen Kareem]

Watery nostrils.

Coughing

Congested lungs at postmortem.

Expanded bronchioles.

Moisty and blocked tracheal.

[AHMED]

addition of .Phytogenics are natural additives derived from herbs, spices and plant extracts – or they can be chemically synthesized. They have gained popularity due to extensive marketing, but their efficacy remains very brand specific.

[AHMED]

addtion of acidifer,antioxidants,mycotoxins,

[Bello Bashir]

Laboratory test

[Dr Shabir]

brooding,

space,

feed and water space

[Dr Shabir]

informative

[Md]

<b data-start=”628″ data-end=”677″><strong data-start=”632″ data-end=”677″>Major Respiratory Challenges in Winter

<ul data-start=”678″ data-end=”1163″>

[Md]

<strong data-start=”687″ data-end=”758″>uniform mixing guarantees feed consistency, safety, and performance.uniform mixing guarantees feed consistency, safety, and performance.

[Lasisi]

All the contributions are excellent and educational….

[Dr Shabir]

-control ammonia level by minimum ventilation as ammonia cause damage to respiratory system cilia and results in respiratory diseases like crd, e.coli, coryza etc.

-dry litter management as wet litter produce ammonia and mold growth and mold cause aspergillosis.

-focus on mycoplasma control.

-temperature should be optimum ,so keep brooders functional,

-water should be fresh having temperature between 18-21 C.

[Muhammad Ahmad]

Subclinical coccidiosis is a major silent profit killer in broilers, primarily through reduced weight gain and increased Feed Conversion Ratio (\text{FCR}).

The most effective practical strategy is a multi-pronged approach combining targeted feed additives and strict environmental control to stabilize the gut.

Here are the most effective practical measures to minimize its impact:

1. Targeted Nutritional Interventions

Subclinical coccidiosis damages the gut lining (enterocytes) and leads to malabsorption, making gut integrity paramount.

* Phytochemicals/Botanicals: Use feed additives containing natural extracts like saponins, tannins, or essential oils. These compounds can impair the Eimeria life cycle, strengthen the intestinal barrier against oxidative damage, and reduce the number of oocysts shed.

* Gut Modulators (Butyric Acid): Supplement with a protected form of Butyrate (a short-chain fatty acid). Butyrate is the preferred energy source for enterocytes, helping to quickly repair the damaged gut lining and restore nutrient absorption.

* Amino Acid and Protein Balance: Ensure amino acid levels (like Threonine) are adequate to support rapid repair of the intestinal mucus layer. Avoid excessive Crude Protein (CP), as undigested protein in the lower gut can fuel secondary bacterial infections like Necrotic Enteritis, which often follows coccidiosis.

2. Litter and Environmental Management

Coccidiosis thrives when oocysts sporulate in warm, moist litter. Control the environment to break the cycle.

* Litter Management (Moisture Control): This is the most crucial practical step. Target a litter moisture level of \mathbf{20}% to \mathbf{30}%. Focus on keeping the litter dry, especially around water lines, by fixing leaks and stirring or “caking out” wet areas.

* Drinker Height: Consistently adjust drinker height as birds grow to prevent water spillage and fecal contamination in the water source.

* “All-In, All-Out” Protocol: Strictly adhere to the “All-In, All-Out” principle. A thorough cleanout and proper disinfection (using litter treatments or disinfectants effective against oocysts) between flocks helps reduce the initial oocyst load for the next batch.

3. Smart Prevention Programs

* Vaccination (if applicable): Utilize live coccidiosis vaccines (often administered at the hatchery). These introduce a controlled, mild infection to help the broilers develop natural immunity before the full challenge hits in the grow-out phase.

* Shuttle Programs: If using in-feed anticoccidials (coccidiostats), implement a “shuttle program” where you change the drug type (e.g., from a chemical in the starter feed to an ionophore in the grower feed) between cycles. This helps slow the development of drug resistance in Eimeria species.Subclinical coccidiosis is a major silent profit killer in broilers, primarily through reduced weight gain and increased Feed Conversion Ratio (\text{FCR}).
The most effective practical strategy is a multi-pronged approach combining targeted feed additives and strict environmental control to stabilize the gut.
Here are the most effective practical measures to minimize its impact:
1. Targeted Nutritional Interventions
Subclinical coccidiosis damages the gut lining (enterocytes) and leads to malabsorption, making gut integrity paramount.
* Phytochemicals/Botanicals: Use feed additives containing natural extracts like saponins, tannins, or essential oils. These compounds can impair the Eimeria life cycle, strengthen the intestinal barrier against oxidative damage, and reduce the number of oocysts shed.
* Gut Modulators (Butyric Acid): Supplement with a protected form of Butyrate (a short-chain fatty acid). Butyrate is the preferred energy source for enterocytes, helping to quickly repair the damaged gut lining and restore nutrient absorption.
* Amino Acid and Protein Balance: Ensure amino acid levels (like Threonine) are adequate to support rapid repair of the intestinal mucus layer. Avoid excessive Crude Protein (CP), as undigested protein in the lower gut can fuel secondary bacterial infections like Necrotic Enteritis, which often follows coccidiosis.
2. Litter and Environmental Management
Coccidiosis thrives when oocysts sporulate in warm, moist litter. Control the environment to break the cycle.
* Litter Management (Moisture Control): This is the most crucial practical step. Target a litter moisture level of \mathbf{20}% to \mathbf{30}%. Focus on keeping the litter dry, especially around water lines, by fixing leaks and stirring or “caking out” wet areas.
* Drinker Height: Consistently adjust drinker height as birds grow to prevent water spillage and fecal contamination in the water source.
* “All-In, All-Out” Protocol: Strictly adhere to the “All-In, All-Out” principle. A thorough cleanout and proper disinfection (using litter treatments or disinfectants effective against oocysts) between flocks helps reduce the initial oocyst load for the next batch.
3. Smart Prevention Programs
* Vaccination (if applicable): Utilize live coccidiosis vaccines (often administered at the hatchery). These introduce a controlled, mild infection to help the broilers develop natural immunity before the full challenge hits in the grow-out phase.
* Shuttle Programs: If using in-feed anticoccidials (coccidiostats), implement a “shuttle program” where you change the drug type (e.g., from a chemical in the starter feed to an ionophore in the grower feed) between cycles. This helps slow the development of drug resistance in Eimeria species.

[Muhammad Ahmad]

The best strategy for preventing respiratory issues in broilers during winter focuses on balanced ventilation and litter management to control air quality, while maintaining comfortable temperatures.<div>Here is a brief, prioritized strategy:</div><div>1. Controlled Minimum Ventilation (The Critical Step)</div><div> * The Goal: Exchange air to remove moisture, ammonia, and \text{CO}_2 without causing chilling drafts.</div><div> * Technique: Use small, timed, high-velocity fans (minimum ventilation fans) that draw in a limited amount of cold air.</div><div> * Air Mixing: Direct the cold incoming air along the ceiling so it mixes with the warm air layer before dropping to bird level, preventing a cold draft on the broilers.</div><div> * House Tightness: Ensure the house is well-sealed and insulated to create negative pressure, allowing you to control exactly where the fresh air enters (via controlled inlets, not random cracks).</div><div>2. Ammonia and Moisture Control</div><div> * Ammonia Monitoring: Routinely monitor ammonia levels (should be kept below \text{25 ppm}). High ammonia damages the broilers’ delicate respiratory cilia, making them susceptible to disease.</div><div> * Litter Management: Maintain dry, deep litter. Wet litter is the primary source of ammonia and a breeding ground for pathogens. Stirring or “caking out” wet spots is essential.</div><div> * Water System Maintenance: Prevent leaks from drinker lines, as wet litter under the drinkers drastically increases moisture and ammonia production.</div><div>3. Temperature & Humidity Balance</div><div> * Consistent Temperature: Maintain the set-point temperature (typically \text{20}^\circ\text{C} to \text{24}^\circ\text{C} for older broilers) to avoid cold stress, which weakens immunity.</div><div> * Humidity: Target a relative humidity between \text{50}% and \text{70}%. If humidity is too high (condensation on walls), increase the minimum ventilation rate.</div><div>4. Biosecurity and Supplements</div><div> * Biosecurity: Maintain strict hygiene to prevent the introduction of respiratory pathogens (e.g., Infectious Bronchitis or Mycoplasma).</div><div> * Support: Use specific vitamin and mineral supplements (like Vitamin C or herbal tonics) proactively to support the respiratory system and boost immunity against cold stress.</div>

[Muhammad Ahmad]

Improving the beneficial gut microbiome in poultry involves a multi-faceted approach focusing on diet, environment, and targeted supplementation.<div>The key steps are:</div><div>1. Dietary Interventions 🐔</div><div>Use of Prebiotics: Feed non-digestible ingredients (like Fructans, Mannans, or Oligosaccharides) that stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria) already in the gut. </div><div>Use of Probiotics: Directly supplement the feed or water with live beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Lactobacillus, Bacillus spores, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to quickly establish a healthy microbial balance and inhibit pathogens.</div><div>Inclusion of Synbiotics: Combine prebiotics and probiotics to achieve a synergistic effect, maximizing the survival and activity of the beneficial bacteria. </div><div>Use of Organic Acids: Add short-chain fatty acids (e.g., formic, propionic, and butyric acid) to feed. These lower the \text{pH} in the gut, which suppresses harmful bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli while favoring beneficial ones. </div><div>2. Management & Environment</div><div>Optimal Brooding and Housing: Maintain clean, dry litter and stable temperature/humidity to reduce environmental stress and the proliferation of pathogens. </div><div>Water Quality: Ensure access to clean, potable water, as water is a major vector for microbial contamination. </div><div>Minimize Stress: Avoid sudden changes in diet, temperature fluctuations, and overcrowding, as stress negatively impacts gut immunity and microbial balance.</div><div>3. Health & Hygiene</div><div>Strict Biosecurity: Implement rigorous hygiene protocols to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogenic bacteria that can disrupt the natural flora.</div><div>Reduced/Eliminated Antibiotics: Limit the use of prophylactic antibiotics, which can indiscriminately kill beneficial bacteria along with harmful ones. Alternative growth promoters are preferred.</div>

[Muhammad Ahmad]

Thanks