Member Nahid
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What is the standard maximum production shrinkage loss acceptable from storage, grinding, mixing, and packaging stages in a feed mill?
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Processing of poultry wastes and household foodstuffs.
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Good information
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For herbivorous fish in large-scale aquaculture, consider these sustainable feed ingredients:
– *Plant-Based Proteins*
– *Algae*: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids and essential nutrients, algae-based feeds support fish growth while reducing pressure on wild fish populations.
– *Soybeans*: Soybean meal can replace up to 25% of fishmeal without adverse effects on growth performance.
– *Pea Proteins*: Peas provide essential proteins and amino acids for fish growth.
– *Duckweed*: Duckweed-based meal can enhance fish growth and replace traditional fishmeal.
– *Microalgae*
– *Nannochloropsis*: This microalga can fully replace fishmeal in trout feed without compromising performance.
– *Schizochytrium*: Supports growth and fatty acid deposition in fish.
– *Insect-Based Proteins*
– *Black Soldier Fly Meal*: Can replace up to 50% of fishmeal without adverse effects on growth performance.
– *Other Alternatives*
– *Rapeseed Meal*: Can replace up to 20% of fishmeal without affecting growth or immune response.
– *Linseed Meal*: Can successfully substitute up to 56.25% of fishmeal protein without negative effects.
– *Silkworm Pupae Meal*: Rich in proteins, lipids, and minerals, potentially lowering production costs.
– *Fermentation-Based Proteins*
– *Single-Cell Proteins*: Produced using waste from agriculture and food processing industries, enhancing circular economy.
These ingredients offer promising alternatives to traditional fishmeal, supporting sustainable aquaculture practices.¹ ² ³For herbivorous fish in large-scale aquaculture, consider these sustainable feed ingredients:
– *Plant-Based Proteins*
– *Algae*: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids and essential nutrients, algae-based feeds support fish growth while reducing pressure on wild fish populations.
– *Soybeans*: Soybean meal can replace up to 25% of fishmeal without adverse effects on growth performance.
– *Pea Proteins*: Peas provide essential proteins and amino acids for fish growth.
– *Duckweed*: Duckweed-based meal can enhance fish growth and replace traditional fishmeal.
– *Microalgae*
– *Nannochloropsis*: This microalga can fully replace fishmeal in trout feed without compromising performance.
– *Schizochytrium*: Supports growth and fatty acid deposition in fish.
– *Insect-Based Proteins*
– *Black Soldier Fly Meal*: Can replace up to 50% of fishmeal without adverse effects on growth performance.
– *Other Alternatives*
– *Rapeseed Meal*: Can replace up to 20% of fishmeal without affecting growth or immune response.
– *Linseed Meal*: Can successfully substitute up to 56.25% of fishmeal protein without negative effects.
– *Silkworm Pupae Meal*: Rich in proteins, lipids, and minerals, potentially lowering production costs.
– *Fermentation-Based Proteins*
– *Single-Cell Proteins*: Produced using waste from agriculture and food processing industries, enhancing circular economy.These ingredients offer promising alternatives to traditional fishmeal, supporting sustainable aquaculture practices.
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Fish diets vary depending on their species, habitat, and feeding behavior. Here’s a breakdown:
Herbivorous Fish
– *Algae*: Many fish feed on algae, including filamentous algae, green algae, and cyanobacteria.
– *Aquatic plants*: Some fish eat aquatic plants, such as water lilies, cattails, and submerged vegetation.
– *Phytoplankton*: Small plant-like organisms that drift in the water column.
Carnivorous Fish
– *Zooplankton*: Small animals like copepods, cladocerans, and rotifers.
– *Insects*: Aquatic insects, such as mosquitoes, flies, and beetles.
– *Crustaceans*: Small crustaceans like shrimp, crayfish, and crabs.
– *Small fish*: Some fish feed on smaller fish, including fry and juveniles.
Omnivorous Fish
– *Algae and aquatic plants*: Many omnivorous fish eat algae and aquatic plants.
– *Insects and small invertebrates*: They also consume insects, crustaceans, and other small animals.
– *Detritus*: Some omnivorous fish feed on detritus, including decaying plant and animal matter.
Filter-Feeding Fish
– *Phytoplankton and zooplankton*: Filter-feeding fish use their gill rakers to strain small organisms from the water.
Bottom-Feeding Fish
– *Detritus and benthic organisms*: Bottom-feeding fish eat detritus, algae, and small organisms living on or near the substrate.
Some examples of fish and their diets include:
– *Tilapia*: Omnivorous, feeding on algae, aquatic plants, and small invertebrates.
– *Salmon*: Carnivorous, feeding on zooplankton, insects, and small fish.
– *Goldfish*: Omnivorous, feeding on algae, aquatic plants, and small invertebrates [1].Fish diets vary depending on their species, habitat, and feeding behavior. Here’s a breakdown:
Herbivorous Fish
– *Algae*: Many fish feed on algae, including filamentous algae, green algae, and cyanobacteria.
– *Aquatic plants*: Some fish eat aquatic plants, such as water lilies, cattails, and submerged vegetation.
– *Phytoplankton*: Small plant-like organisms that drift in the water column.Carnivorous Fish
– *Zooplankton*: Small animals like copepods, cladocerans, and rotifers.
– *Insects*: Aquatic insects, such as mosquitoes, flies, and beetles.
– *Crustaceans*: Small crustaceans like shrimp, crayfish, and crabs.
– *Small fish*: Some fish feed on smaller fish, including fry and juveniles.Omnivorous Fish
– *Algae and aquatic plants*: Many omnivorous fish eat algae and aquatic plants.
– *Insects and small invertebrates*: They also consume insects, crustaceans, and other small animals.
– *Detritus*: Some omnivorous fish feed on detritus, including decaying plant and animal matter.Filter-Feeding Fish
– *Phytoplankton and zooplankton*: Filter-feeding fish use their gill rakers to strain small organisms from the water.Bottom-Feeding Fish
– *Detritus and benthic organisms*: Bottom-feeding fish eat detritus, algae, and small organisms living on or near the substrate.Some examples of fish and their diets include:
– *Tilapia*: Omnivorous, feeding on algae, aquatic plants, and small invertebrates.
– *Salmon*: Carnivorous, feeding on zooplankton, insects, and small fish.
– *Goldfish*: Omnivorous, feeding on algae, aquatic plants, and small invertebrates. -
How can a poultry farm treat salmonellosis outbreak and never experience it again
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What is the role of aeration in material shrinkage during grain storage in silos?
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Consistent feed quality is ensured by testing raw materials, using precise feed formulations, maintaining equipment, and following standard operating procedures. Regular in-process and finished feed testing, proper storage, staff training, and strict adherence to GMP and HACCP standards help maintain uniform quality, safety, and nutritional consistency in every batch.
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Insightful
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Ensuring consistent feed quality, including nutritional content and pellet durability, requires a comprehensive quality control system that spans from raw material sourcing to the final processing and testing of the finished product.
Here are the key strategies:
1. Raw Material Quality Control and Formulation
The foundation of consistent feed quality lies in the raw ingredients and the formulation process.
Sourcing and Analysis:
Source materials from reputable suppliers and conduct rigorous incoming inspections.
Perform routine chemical analyses (e.g., Kjeldahl method for protein, Soxhlet for fat) on ingredients to verify actual nutritional content (e.g., moisture, crude protein, fiber, ash) against expected values. This helps adjust formulations for natural variations in ingredient quality.
Screen for contaminants like mold, mycotoxins, and foreign materials.
Preparation and Grinding:
Clean raw materials using magnets and sieves to remove impurities.
Ensure uniform particle size distribution through precise grinding. A consistent particle size is crucial for thorough mixing and optimal binding during pelletization.
Accurate Formulation and Mixing:
Use automated dosing and weighing systems to ensure the precise inclusion of macro-ingredients, vitamins, minerals, and other micro-ingredients according to the nutritionist’s formula.
Control mixing time carefully using a well-designed mixer (e.g., ribbon or paddle) to achieve a uniform blend without causing ingredient segregation.
2. Optimizing the Pelleting Process
The physical processing steps, particularly conditioning and pelleting, are critical for achieving high pellet durability.
Conditioning:
Add steam to increase the temperature (typically 80−90
∘
C) and moisture content (around 15−18%) of the mash.
The heat and moisture promote starch gelatinization, which acts as a natural binder, significantly improving pellet strength and durability.
Monitor and control temperature and steam addition with sensors to avoid damaging heat-sensitive nutrients.
Pellet Mill Operation:
Use a die with the correct hole size and compression ratio for the desired pellet size and density. Worn dies should be replaced promptly.
Adjust the pressure and speed of the pellet mill to achieve the necessary compaction. Higher pressure generally leads to denser, more durable pellets.
Moisture Management:
Maintain precise moisture control throughout the process. Excessive moisture creates soft, crumbly pellets prone to mold, while insufficient moisture makes them brittle.
The ideal final moisture content for storage is generally 10% to 12%.
Pellet Binders:
Inclusion of specific pellet binders (e.g., starch-based products like tapioca or specific gums) can be used to further enhance the structural strength and durability of the pellets.
3. Post-Production and Quality Assurance Testing
Consistent testing and monitoring are necessary to verify the finished feed meets all quality specifications.
Nutritional Testing (Chemical Analysis):
Routinely analyze samples of the finished feed to confirm that all target nutritional values (e.g., protein, energy, fat) are met, ensuring a consistent diet for the animals.
Use methods like Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy (NIRS) for rapid, real-time analysis, alongside traditional lab methods (e.g., Kjeldahl, Soxhlet) for validation.
Pellet Durability Testing (Physical Analysis):
Measure Pellet Durability Index (PDI), the primary measure of physical quality. PDI indicates the pellet’s ability to resist breakage during handling, transport, and storage.
Common PDI methods include:
Tumbling Box Method: Samples are tumbled in a revolving box for a set time, and the percentage of remaining whole pellets is calculated.
Holmen Durability Tester: A pneumatic method that simulates air conveyor handling.
Check for other physical properties like hardness (resistance to compression) and fines (the amount of broken material).
Record Keeping and Traceability:
Implement Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and maintain thorough documentation of all raw material analyses, process parameters (temperature, pressure, mixing time), and final product test results.
Establish a robust traceability system to quickly identify and investigate any consistency issues back to a specific batch of raw materials or production run.
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Fish generally eat other fish but their diet can also consist of eggs, algae, plants, crustaceans, worms, mollusks, insects, insect larvae, amphibians, and plankton.
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Day-old chicks try to restore body temperature by lying down, but that prevents them from eating and drinking, which results in dehydration and insufficient energy intake.
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Chick sensitivity to temperature fluctuations may significantly influence the effectiveness of day old spray vaccination,
Temperature fluctuation will put stress on the livestock
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THANKS FOR SHARING
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kudos for detailed feedback
