[Elieser]

Yes, soy protein is a known allergen. It is one of the “Big 8” food allergens, which are responsible for the vast majority of food allergy reactions in the U.S. and other countries.

Here’s what you should know about soy allergy:

Immune System Reaction: A soy allergy occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly identifies the proteins in soy as harmful invaders. This triggers an allergic reaction, which can range from mild to severe.

Symptoms: Symptoms can vary widely but commonly include:

Hives, itching, or eczema.

Swelling of the lips, face, tongue, or throat.

Gastrointestinal issues like abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.

Respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, a runny nose, or difficulty breathing.

In severe cases, a soy allergy can cause a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis, which requires immediate medical attention.

Prevalence: Soy allergy is most common in infants and young children, but it can appear at any age. Many children outgrow their soy allergy by the time they are 10. While it is one of the “Big 8,” the prevalence of soy allergy is generally lower compared to other major allergens like milk, eggs, and peanuts.

Labeling: Due to its allergenic potential, soy is required to be clearly identified on food labels in many countries, including the U.S. and the European Union. This is crucial for individuals with a soy allergy to avoid foods containing soy.

Soy-derived products: It’s important to note that while soy is an allergen, highly refined soy oil and soy lecithin are generally considered safe for most people with a soy allergy because the allergenic protein is largely removed during processing. However, a person with a very high sensitivity may still react, so it’s always best to consult with a doctor or allergist.

[Elieser]

Moisture content is a critical factor that significantly influences the physical properties of soybeans. These properties are essential for designing, operating, and optimizing equipment for handling, processing, and storing soybeans. As moisture content increases, the following physical properties are affected:

Size and Dimensions: The length, width, and thickness of soybean grains increase as they absorb water. This leads to an increase in their geometric and arithmetic mean diameters, as well as their overall volume and surface area.

Mass: The mass of individual soybeans and the mass of a thousand grains increase linearly with moisture content.

Bulk Density: Bulk density, which is the mass of grains per unit volume of the bulk material, generally decreases as moisture content increases. This is because the volume of the grains increases while the mass increases at a slower rate, leading to a less dense bulk material.

True Density: True density, the mass of a single grain per unit volume of the grain itself (excluding the air in between), also tends to decrease as moisture content rises. This is attributed to the internal swelling of the grain structure.

Porosity: Porosity, the ratio of the volume of inter-granular space to the total volume occupied by the grain mass, is also affected. While some studies show a decrease, others report an increase. These variations might be due to a combination of factors, including the specific soybean variety and the moisture range being studied.

Frictional Properties: Both the static coefficient of friction and the angle of repose increase with increasing moisture content. The static coefficient of friction is the force required to start movement between a soybean and a surface, while the angle of repose is the steepest angle at which a pile of soybeans can be stacked without the sides collapsing. The increase in these properties is due to the increased cohesion and stickiness between the moist grains, which is a crucial consideration for designing storage bins, silos, and conveying systems.

Sphericity: Sphericity, a measure of how closely a grain resembles a sphere, tends to decrease as the moisture content increases, indicating that the grain becomes less spherical.

[Elieser]

Soybean meal contains several other antinutritional factors (ANFs) besides trypsin inhibitors that can interfere with nutrient digestion and absorption. These include:

Phytic acid (phytate): This compound binds to minerals like calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron, reducing their bioavailability. It also forms complexes with proteins and digestive enzymes, hindering their activity.

Lectins (phytohemagglutinins): These glycoproteins can bind to the intestinal wall, damaging the gut lining and interfering with nutrient absorption. They can also cause an immune response.

Oligosaccharides: Sugars such as stachyose and raffinose are not easily digested by monogastric animals (like pigs and poultry) because they lack the necessary enzymes. Their fermentation in the lower gut can cause gas, bloating, and diarrhea.

Allergens: Two major allergenic proteins in soybeans are β-conglycinin and glycinin. These can cause inflammatory responses in the gut, particularly in young animals, leading to reduced nutrient absorption and growth.

Saponins: These bitter-tasting compounds can reduce feed intake and may affect the permeability of the intestinal membrane.

Goitrogenic factors: These can interfere with the synthesis of thyroid hormones, leading to an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter).

[Muhammad Ahmad]

Good

[SEGUN]

Noted

[SABAINA]

Thanks for this knowledge shared. Will put it into practice in my farm as well. I appreciate

[AHMED]

noted.thanks

[Olayiwola]

The quality of seed (juvenile fish or shrimp) plays a pivotal role in aquaculture systems, influencing the survival rate, overall health and growth performance of farmed species. High-quality seed ensures that the foundational growth stages of aquatic organisms are optimal, leading to stronger and more resilient stocks for farming operations. Poor seed quality, on the other hand, can severely hinder production and lead to financial losses due to high mortality rates, disease outbreaks, and slower growth.

Key Factors Responsible for Poor Seed Quality:

1. Genetic Factors:

Inbreeding: Inbreeding or the lack of genetic diversity can result in reduced resistance to diseases, poor growth rates, and lower survival rates.

Genetic Disorders: Poorly managed breeding practices may result in fish or shrimp with weak genetic traits that are more prone to environmental stressors.

Poor Selection Practices: Breeding programs that do not emphasize selection of the best performing parents can result in suboptimal traits being passed on to offspring.

2. Poor Hatchery Management:

Water Quality: The most important factor in hatcheries is maintaining high-quality water (e.g., temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonia levels). Poor water management can result in stress, disease, or poor development of the larvae.

Contamination: Use of contaminated water, equipment, or even unclean handling procedures can introduce pathogens like bacteria, viruses, or parasites that compromise seed health.

Improper Diet: Inadequate or poorly balanced feed during the early life stages can lead to underdevelopment, stunted growth, and lower disease resistance.

3. Environmental Stressors During Early Stages:

Temperature Stress: Fish and shrimp larvae are particularly sensitive to sudden temperature changes. Both overheating and cooling can cause developmental delays, deformities, or mortality.

Oxygen Deprivation: Insufficient oxygen levels in the water can cause stress and even mortality in larvae, as they are in a sensitive stage of development.

Poor Handling Practices: Improper transport, overcrowding, or physical trauma during harvesting or handling of juvenile stock can lead to mortality or suboptimal performance post stocking.

4. Pathogen Contamination:

Bacterial and Viral Infections: Common diseases in hatcheries (e.g., White Spot Syndrome Virus for shrimp, or Streptococcus in fish) can devastate seed quality and reduce survival rates significantly.

Parasites: Infestations of protozoans or ectoparasites can damage the skin, gills, or internal organs of larvae, impairing growth and overall health.

5. Improper Stocking Density:

Overcrowding: High stocking densities can cause stress and competition for resources, leading to stunted growth, increased susceptibility to disease, and poor overall health.

Understocking: Similarly, too few larvae can result in unhealthy competition for resources within the population, leading to imbalances in growth rates.

How Can Seed Quality be Improved:

1. Improved Breeding Programs:

Selective Breeding: Introducing selective breeding programs that focus on traits like disease resistance, faster growth rates, and better adaptability to environmental conditions can lead to improved seed quality over time.

Genetic Management: Avoiding inbreeding through genetic diversity management ensures that the stock remains robust and healthy. Crossbreeding between different strains of the same species can improve resilience.

2. Enhanced Hatchery Management:

Water Quality Control: Proper water filtration, regular monitoring of water parameters (salinity, pH, temperature, oxygen levels), and frequent water exchanges are critical to creating a stable environment.

Biosecurity Measures: Hatcheries must implement stringent biosecurity protocols to prevent disease outbreaks. This includes disinfection procedures, quarantining new stock, and employing pathogen-free water sources.

Optimized Feeding: Ensuring that larvae are provided with the correct nutrients at each life stage is essential for healthy development. Supplementing diets with essential vitamins and minerals, as well as managing feeding schedules, helps to prevent malnutrition and stunting.

3. Environmental Control:

Stable Environmental Conditions: Maintaining consistent environmental conditions (e.g., water temperature, salinity, light, and photoperiod) is key to ensuring larvae development is not disrupted by external stressors.

Climate Adaptation: Some species may need acclimatization programs or controlled environments (e.g., hatcheries with temperature-controlled tanks) to help them adapt to different water conditions, especially in regions with fluctuating environmental factors.

4. Pathogen Management:

Regular Disease Monitoring: Routine health checks, regular sampling for pathogens, and the use of preventive treatments (e.g., probiotics) can reduce the risk of disease outbreaks.

Vaccination: For certain fish species, vaccination against common diseases (e.g., vibriosis, Streptococcosis) during juvenile stages can significantly increase survival rates.

Prophylactic Treatments: Treatments with approved chemicals or natural remedies, such as iodine or other antimicrobial substances, can help to prevent or eliminate early-stage infections in hatcheries.

5. Optimal Stocking Practices:

Proper Density Management: Carefully monitoring and adjusting stocking densities at each developmental stage ensures that the seed has enough space to grow, reduces stress, and minimizes aggressive behavior that can lead to injury.

Handling and Transport Care: Ensuring that proper techniques are used during transport—such as maintaining oxygen levels and controlling water temperature—can drastically reduce stress and injury to juvenile fish and shrimp.

6. Adoption of Technological Innovations:

Automation in Hatcheries: Implementing automated systems for water quality monitoring, feeding schedules, and environmental control can help reduce human error and maintain more stable conditions.

Genomics and Biotechnology: Advances in genetic testing and biotechnology (such as CRISPR) may allow for the creation of more robust and disease-resistant strains of fish and shrimp.

[Onyinye Victoria]

Minimise the transportation stress

Prepare the brooding room before chicks arrival

Ensure adequate feed and water

Ensure the room is well luminated to keep them warm

[Md.Rejuan Hossain]

Many thanks to everyone

[Onyinye Victoria]

Thanks for the reply Nurudeen

[Md.Rejuan Hossain]

. Thanks all

[Md.Rejuan Hossain]

Thanks all…

[Md.Rejuan Hossain]

Thanks all…

[Md.Rejuan Hossain]

Heat recovery systems in feed mills can significantly reduce energy consumption and costs by capturing and reusing waste heat from various processes. Common applications include preheating boiler feed water, heating process water (e.g., for tempering), heating building spaces, and preheating air for drying processes.