Soy Excellence Center – Dr. BISHNU HARI

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India

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October 30, 2025 at 5:15 pm in reply to: Silo Grain Temperature Monitoring

Grain Temperature Difference (ΔT) in Silo Storage

Definition:

Grain Temperature Difference, denoted as ΔT, refers to the difference between the temperature of the stored grain mass and the surrounding ambient air temperature.

This parameter is a key indicator of the thermal condition and biological activity inside the silo.

Practical Monitoring Guidelines

Ø Install temperature cables at different heights and zones inside the silo.

Ø Record grain temperature and ambient temperature daily or weekly.

Ø Investigate if ΔT exceeds 5°C, and aerate immediately.

Ø Keep ΔT < 3°C for long-term safe storage.

Ø Maintain logbook or digital monitoring system for trend analysis.

Sakthivel V P
Dr.S.Sridhar

Member
October 30, 2025 at 4:18 pm in reply to: Vitamin- Conversion factors
This table outlines standardized conversion factors between active substances and their corresponding vitamin forms, facilitating accurate nutrient quantification in feed and premix formulations. These values are essential for ensuring compliance, efficacy, and consistency across diverse ingredient sources.

Key Conversion Highlights
- Betaine
  - 1 mg active = • 2.13 mg liquid betaine anhydrous (47%) • 1.41 mg betaine hydrochloride (70%) • 2.38 mg choline chloride (60%)
- L-Carnitine
  - 1 mg active = 1.49 mg L-carnitine L-tartrate
- Choline Chloride
  - 1 mg active = 1.34 mg choline chloride (based on choline hydroxyl analogue)
- Niacin
  - 1 mg active = 1 mg nicotinic acid or 1 mg nicotinamide
- D-Pantothenic Acid
  - 1 mg active = 1.087 mg calcium D-pantothenate
- Vitamin A
  - 1 IU = • 0.3 μg retinol (retinyl acetate) • 0.344 μg retinyl palmitate
- Vitamin B₁ (Thiamine)
  - 1 mg active = • 1.27 mg thiamine mononitrate • 1.13 mg thiamine hydrochloride
- Vitamin B₂ (Riboflavin)
  - 1 mg active = 1.19 mg riboflavin 5’-phosphate sodium
- Vitamin B₆ (Pyridoxine)
  - 1 mg active = 1.21 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride
- Vitamin D₃ (Cholecalciferol)
  - 1 IU = 0.025 μg 25-OH-vitamin D₃
- Vitamin E
  - 1 IU = • 0.67 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (25-OH-calciferol) • 1.1 mg RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate • 1.49 mg RRR-alpha-tocopherol • 2.22 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopherol
- Vitamin K₂ (Menadione)
  - 1 mg active = • 1.92 mg menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) • 2.66 mg menadione nicotinamide bisulphite (MNB) • 2.22 mg menadione dimethyl pyrimidinol bisulphite (MPB)
Vitamin-and-Active-Substance-Conversion-Reference-for-Feed-Formulation.png 77 KB Image File - Click to view

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Dr.S.Sridhar

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October 30, 2025 at 4:12 pm in reply to: Organic Acids
Reduction of Pathogenic Bacteria in Animal Feed Using Organic Acids

Organic acids are increasingly utilized in feed safety management due to their proven efficacy in reducing Salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria in feed and feed mills. Through dietary acidification, they enhance environmental hygiene by safeguarding raw materials, compound feeds, and equipment from zoonotic agents. Their residual antimicrobial activity further mitigates recontamination risks.

Application in Feed and Water

Organic acids and their blends are applied via feed and water to sanitize and modulate gut microflora, thereby improving feed efficiency and reducing microbial load. Efficacy varies by substrate:
- Pelleted and compound mash feeds: up to 2.5 log₁₀ reduction
- Rapeseed meal: ~1 log₁₀ reduction
- Soybean meal: <0.5 log₁₀ reduction
Formic and propionic acids, alone or with sodium formate, demonstrate the highest impact.

Targeting Salmonella spp.

The EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards identifies Salmonella spp. as a key microbial hazard in protein-rich and pelleted feeds. Acid blends—particularly formic:propionic (80:20)—show significant reductions:
- Iba & Berchieri (1995): >1000-fold reduction in S. Typhimurium within 7 days
- Field trials with 0.5% formic acid: Salmonella-positive breeder feed dropped from 4.1% to 1.1%
Strain-specific acid tolerance was observed, with S. Infantis being most resilient, followed by S. Putten, S. Senftenberg, and S. Typhimurium.

Broader Antimicrobial Spectrum

Organic acids also inhibit E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium spp., though these are less commonly feedborne. Experimental findings include:
- 5 mmol/L propionic acid → transient bacteriostasis (30 min)
- 0.5–0.7 mol/L formic/propionic acid → ~90% E. coli mortality within 3 hours
- Combined acids exhibit synergistic effects, notably in fish meal
Dr.S.Sridhar

Member
October 30, 2025 at 4:06 pm in reply to: Organic Acids

Reduction of Pathogenic Bacteria in Animal Feed Using Organic Acids

Organic acids have gained increasing attention in feed safety management due to their ability to reduce Salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria in feed and feed mills. Dietary acidification with organic acids contributes to environmental hygiene by protecting raw materials, compound feeds, and equipment from zoonotic agents. Their residual antimicrobial effect also prevents recontamination.

Proposed Use in Animal Feed

Organic acids and their blends are used both in feed and water to sanitize and modulate gut microflora, improving feed efficiency and reducing bacterial contamination. The efficacy of acid treatments depends on the feed type. Studies show that formic and propionic acid (alone or combined with sodium formate) achieve the highest reduction in pelleted and compound mash feeds (up to 2.5 log₁₀), moderate effects in rapeseed meal (1 log₁₀), and limited effects in soybean meal (<0.5 log₁₀).

Combating Salmonella in Feed

The EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards recognizes Salmonella spp. as a major microbial hazard in animal feeds, especially in protein-rich ingredients and pelleted feeds prone to cross-contamination. Studies demonstrate that formic acid and blends with propionic acid (typically 80:20 ratio) significantly reduce Salmonella counts. For example, Iba & Berchieri (1995) reported a >1000-fold reduction in S. Typhimurium viability within seven days using formic–propionic acid blends. Large-scale trials using 0.5% formic acid reduced Salmonella-positive breeder feed samples from 4.1% to 1.1%. Among strains, S. Infantis showed the highest acid tolerance, followed by S. Putten, S. Senftenberg, and S. Typhimurium.

Effects on Other Bacteria

Organic acids are also active against E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium spp., though feed is a less common source of these pathogens. Experimental data show concentration-dependent inhibition of E. coli:

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5 mmol/L propionic acid → temporary bacteriostasis (30 min).
0.5–0.7 mol/L formic or propionic acid → 90% bacterial death within 3 hours.
Combined use of formic and propionic acids exhibits synergistic antimicrobial action, especially in fish meal.

Dr.S.Sridhar

Member

October 30, 2025 at 3:49 pm in reply to: Electrolytes balance & heat stress

Yes, by DEB

Dr.S.Sridhar

Member

October 30, 2025 at 3:48 pm in reply to: Cost effective feed

Detailed explanation.

Bello Bashir

Member

October 30, 2025 at 3:30 pm in reply to: EGG BOUND CONDITION

Egg-binding is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition where a female animal, such as a bird, is unable to pass an egg. The egg gets stuck in the oviduct or cloaca, which can be caused by factors like an abnormally large or shaped egg, nutritional deficiencies (especially calcium), age, stress, or infection. Early detection is crucial, and symptoms include straining, lethargy, a swollen abdomen, and a penguin-like posture.